index

Origin of universe

Fri, 22 Jan 2010 03:39:49 +0100

Origin of the Universe - The Inflation Universe Theories
The Big Bang Theory provided an atheistic explanation for the origin of the universe, but its obvious simplicity was subject to multiple attacks. As a result, the original theory is no longer the dominant scientific explanation for the atheistic origin of the universe. While the original Big Bang Theory is now "dead," from its ashes have emerged the various Inflationary Universe Theories (IUTs). Starting with Alan Guth in the late 1990's (The Inflationary Universe: The Quest for a New Theory of Cosmic Origins), the scientific community has now proposed roughly 50 different IUT variants. Scientists hope that one of the current IUTs will sire an accurate reconstruction of the birth of our universe, though it is universally acknowledged that all of the current IUTs have their problems. It seems the only way to get realistic calculations to match an IUT model is to make assumptions that are poorly justified.

Bigbang Theory

Fri, 22 Jan 2010 03:41:38 +0100

Big Bang Theory - The Premise
The Big Bang theory is an effort to explain what happened at the very beginning of our universe. Discoveries in astronomy and physics have shown beyond a reasonable doubt that our universe did in fact have a beginning. Prior to that moment there was nothing; during and after that moment there was something: our universe. The big bang theory is an effort to explain what happened during and after that moment.

According to the standard theory, our universe sprang into existence as "singularity" around 13.7 billion years ago. What is a "singularity" and where does it come from? Well, to be honest, we don't know for sure. Singularities are zones which defy our current understanding of physics. They are thought to exist at the core of "black holes." Black holes are areas of intense gravitational pressure. The pressure is thought to be so intense that finite matter is actually squished into infinite density (a mathematical concept which truly boggles the mind). These zones of infinite density are called "singularities." Our universe is thought to have begun as an infinitesimally small, infinitely hot, infinitely dense, something - a singularity. Where did it come from? We don't know. Why did it appear? We don't know.

After its initial appearance, it apparently inflated (the "Big Bang"), expanded and cooled, going from very, very small and very, very hot, to the size and temperature of our current universe. It continues to expand and cool to this day and we are inside of it: incredible creatures living on a unique planet, circling a beautiful star clustered together with several hundred billion other stars in a galaxy soaring through the cosmos, all of which is inside of an expanding universe that began as an infinitesimal singularity which appeared out of nowhere for reasons unknown. This is the Big Bang theory.

Big Bang Theory - Common Misconceptions
There are many misconceptions surrounding the Big Bang theory. For example, we tend to imagine a giant explosion. Experts however say that there was no explosion; there was (and continues to be) an expansion. Rather than imagining a balloon popping and releasing its contents, imagine a balloon expanding: an infinitesimally small balloon expanding to the size of our current universe.

Another misconception is that we tend to image the singularity as a little fireball appearing somewhere in space. According to the many experts however, space didn't exist prior to the Big Bang. Back in the late '60s and early '70s, when men first walked upon the moon, "three British astrophysicists, Steven Hawking, George Ellis, and Roger Penrose turned their attention to the Theory of Relativity and its implications regarding our notions of time. In 1968 and 1970, they published papers in which they extended Einstein's Theory of General Relativity to include measurements of time and space.^{1, 2} According to their calculations, time and space had a finite beginning that corresponded to the origin of matter and energy."³ The singularity didn't appear in space; rather, space began inside of the singularity. Prior to the singularity, nothing existed, not space, time, matter, or energy - nothing. So where and in what did the singularity appear if not in space? We don't know. We don't know where it came from, why it's here, or even where it is. All we really know is that we are inside of it and at one time it didn't exist and neither did we.

Big Bang Theory - Evidence for the Theory
What are the major evidences which support the Big Bang theory?

First of all, we are reasonably certain that the universe had a beginning.
Second, galaxies appear to be moving away from us at speeds proportional to their distance. This is called "Hubble's Law," named after Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) who discovered this phenomenon in 1929. This observation supports the expansion of the universe and suggests that the universe was once compacted.
Third, if the universe was initially very, very hot as the Big Bang suggests, we should be able to find some remnant of this heat. In 1965, Radioastronomers Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson discovered a 2.725 degree Kelvin (-454.765 degree Fahrenheit, -270.425 degree Celsius) Cosmic Microwave Background radiation (CMB) which pervades the observable universe. This is thought to be the remnant which scientists were looking for. Penzias and Wilson shared in the 1978 Nobel Prize for Physics for their discovery.
Finally, the abundance of the "light elements" Hydrogen and Helium found in the observable universe are thought to support the Big Bang model of origins.

How to create Gmail accout

Fri, 22 Jan 2010 02:36:01 +0100

Instructions

Step 1

Go to the Gmail homepage.
Step 2

Click the "Sign Up for Gmail" link in the bottom right of the screen.
Step 3

Fill in the appropriate boxes: "First Name," "Last Name" and "Desired Login Name."
Step 4

Choose and confirm a password.
Step 5

Fill out the remainder of the form with a security question (which will help you if you forget your password), a secondary email (if you have one), location and word verification.
Step 6

Click on the button marked "I accept. Create My Account" if you accept the Gmail terms of service.

Indices

Fri, 22 Jan 2010 02:43:53 +0100

indices

In perhaps the most frequent sense, an index is a superscriptor subscriptto a symbol. Superscript indices are often, but not always, used to indicate powers. Subscript indices are usually used to identify an element of a setor arrayor sequence of variables. See also Index set, Indexed family, and Index (information technology). Index meaning exponent, the power to which some base is raised. The index of a subgroupis the number of its left cosets(which is equal to the number of its right cosets). The index of a linear transform, particularly a Fredholm operatoris the dimension of its kernelminus the dimension of its cokernel: see index of a linear transformation. The index of a real quadratic formQ is defined (but not always consistently) as p − q where Q can be written as a difference of p squared linear terms and q squared linear terms.

The index of a vector fieldv at an isolated zero is the degreeof the map

taking points near the zero into the unit sphere. This index is used in the statement of the Poincaré–Hopf theoremwhich relates the sum of the indices of a vector field to the Euler characteristicof the manifold. The hairy ball theoremis a special case. Confer fixed point index.

What is stress?

Fri, 22 Jan 2010 02:45:42 +0100

ALL OF THESE ARE STRESS
If you are used to thinking that stress is something that makes you worry, you have the wrong idea of stress. Stress is many different kinds of things: happy things, sad things, allergic things, physical things. Many people carry enormous stress loads and they do not even realize it!

WHAT IS STRESS?
We are all familiar with the word "stress". Stress is when you are worried about getting laid off your job, or worried about having enough money to pay your bills, or worried about your mother when the doctor says she may need an operation. In fact, to most of us, stress is synonymous with worry. If it is something that makes you worry, then it is stress.

Your body, however, has a much broader definition of stress. TO YOUR BODY, STRESS IS SYNONYMOUS WITH CHANGE. Anything that causes a change in your life causes stress. It doesn't matter if it is a "good" change, or a "bad" change, they are both stress. When you find your dream apartment and get ready to move, that is stress. If you break your leg, that is stress. Good or bad, if it is a CHANGE in your life, it is stress as far as your body is concerned.

Even IMAGINED CHANGE is stress. (Imagining changes is what we call "worrying".) If you fear that you will not have enough money to pay your rent, that is stress. If you worry that you may get fired, that is stress. If you think that you may receive a promotion at work, that is also stress (even though this would be a good change). Whether the event is good or bad, imagining changes in your life is stressful.

Anything that causes CHANGE IN YOUR DAILY ROUTINE is stressful.

Anything that causes CHANGE IN YOUR BODY HEALTH is stressful.

IMAGINED CHANGES are just as stressful as real changes.

Let us look at several types of stress -- ones that are so commonplace that you might not even realize that they are stressful.......

Emotional Stress

When arguments, disagreements, and conflicts cause CHANGES in your personal life -- that is stress.

Illness

Catching a cold, breaking an arm, a skin infection, a sore back, are all CHANGES in your body condition.

Pushing Your Body Too Hard

A major source of stress is overdriving yourself. If you are working (or partying) 16 hours a day, you will have reducedyour available time for rest. Sooner or later, the energy drain on your system will cause the body to fall behind in its repair work. There will not be enough time or energy for the body to fix broken cells, or replace used up brain neurotransmitters. CHANGES will occur in your body's internal environment. You will "hit thewall," "run out of gas". If you continue, permanent damage may be done. The body's fight to stay healthy in the face of the increased energy that your are expending is major stress.

Environmental Factors

Very hot or very cold climates can be stressful. Very high altitude may be a stress. Toxins or poisons are a stress. Each of these factors threatens to cause CHANGES in your body's internal environment.

Rama9

Fri, 22 Jan 2010 02:47:31 +0100

Bhumibol Adulyadej (Royal Institute: Phumiphon Adunyadet pronounced see full title below) born 5 December 1927, is the current King of Thailand. Publicly acclaimed "the Great Maharaja, he is also known as Rama IX. Having reigned since 9 June 1946, he is the world's longest-servingcurrent head of stateand the longest-reigningmonarch in Thai history. He is seen as so important by the Thai people that his ill-health has affected the markets. Although King Bhumibol is a constitutional monarch, it is said that he has made several decisive interventions in Thai politicswhen there was bloodshed or when Thailand was in turmoil. He was credited with facilitating Thailand's transition to democracyin the 1990s, although he has supported some military regimes, including Sarit Dhanarajataduring the 1960s and the Council for Democratic Reformin 2006-2008. During his long reign he has presided over 15 coups, 16 constitutions, and 27 changes of prime ministers.The King is highly revered by the public, yet he is also protected by the Constitution as "inviolable". The so-called 'lèse majesté' statute was stated in the Constitution for the first time during the Rama VIIreign after the quarrel between the monarch and an individual. The monarch himself then has no right to charge anyone who violates him. Anyone who is charged with insulting, or defaming him can be prosecuted. If proven guilty, the penalty is to be jailed for three to fifteen years. In his 2005 birthday speech, Bhumibol said he would not take lèse majesté seriously, and that the King can have flaws. Despite that, charges are still often significant, and can be brought by the state, or any individual, and often a person's political

Al Gore

Fri, 22 Jan 2010 02:48:54 +0100

Climate change is a change in the statistical distribution of weatherover periods of timethat range from decades to millions of years. It can be a change in the average weather or a change in the distribution of weather events around an average (for example, greater or fewer extreme weather events). Climate change may be limited to a specific region, or may occur across the whole Earth.In recent usage, especially in the context of environmental policy, climate change usually refers to changes in modern climate. It may be qualified as anthropogenicclimate change, more generally known as global warming.For information on temperature measurements over various periods, and the data sources available, see temperature record. For attribution of climate change over the past century, see attribution of recent climate change.

Dr. Ian Plimer

Fri, 22 Jan 2010 02:50:02 +0100

Ian Rutherford Plimer (born February 12, 1946) is an Australiangeologist, academic and businessman. He is a critic of creationismand of the scientific consensusthat global warmingis driven by anthropogenicCO₂. He has published approximately 60 academic papers (none on climate change) and six books, including his book on the global warming debate, Heaven and Earth — Global Warming: The Missing Science. He is a director of three mining companies.Plimer is critical of what he sees as an irrational environmental movementand believes that the vast bulk of the scientific community, including most major scientific academies, is prejudiced by the prospect of research funding. He has characterised the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Changeso: "The IPCC process is related to environmental activism, politics and opportunism" and "the IPCC process is unrelated to science". He is critical of greenhouse gaspolitics and argues that extreme environmental changes are inevitable. These views prompted Phillip Adamsof The Australian to describe him as a "denialist poster-boy".One of Plimer's central hypotheses is that volcanoes emit more carbon dioxide than humans. Climate scientists respond that humans emit 130 times more CO₂ than volcanoes. NASA's Gavin Schmidt, a climate scientist, dissected the Plimer hypothesis in minute detail and found it to be based on a "basic logical fallacy".In 2009, Plimer released Heaven and Earth, a book in which he claims that climate modelsfocus too strongly on the effects of carbon dioxide, rather than factoring other issues such as solar variation. This is disputed by scientists involved in climate change research. Before writing the book, Plimer stated that El Niñois caused by earthquakesand volcanic activity at the mid-ocean ridgesand that the melting of polar ice has nothing to do with man-made carbon dioxide. Plimer told Radio Australiathat Pacific island nations are seeing changes in relative sea level not because of global warming but quite commonly due to other factors, such as "vibration consolidating the coral island sands", extraction of water, and extraction of sand for road and air strip making. Plimer challenged George Monbiot of The Guardian to a public debate on the issues covered in the book, after Monbiot criticised the book, calling Plimer a climate change denialist. Negotiations for a face-to-face debate eventually broke down over a series of questions the two exchanged beforehand, and no debate was held.

Professor James Lovelock

Fri, 22 Jan 2010 02:51:59 +0100

The Gaia hypothesis is an ecologicalhypothesisproposing that the biosphereand the physical components of the Earth(atmosphere, cryosphere, hydrosphereand lithosphere) are closely integrated to form a complex interacting systemthat maintains the climaticand biogeochemicalconditions on Earth in a preferred homeostasis. Originally proposed by James Lovelockas the earth feedback hypothesis, it was named the Gaia Hypothesis after the Greek supreme goddessof Earth.The hypothesis is frequently described as viewing the Earth as a single organism. Lovelock and other supporters of the idea now call it Gaia theory, regarding it as a scientific theory and not mere hypothesis, since they believe it has passed predictive tests.